Python判断有效的数独算法教程

1. 数字 1-9 在每一行只能出现一次。
2. 数字 1-9 在每一列只能出现一次。
3. 数字 1-9 在每一个以粗实线分隔的 3x3 宫内只能出现一次。

数独部分空格内已填入了数字，空白格用 ‘.' 表示。

例1：

输入:
[
["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."],
["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."],
[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."],
["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"],
["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"],
["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"],
[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."],
[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"],
[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]
]
输出: true

例2：

输入:
[
["8","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."],
["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."],
[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."],
["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"],
["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"],
["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"],
[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."],
[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"],
[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]
]
输出: false

解释: 除了第一行的第一个数字从 5 改为 8 以外，空格内其他数字均与 示例1 相同。

但由于位于左上角的 3x3 宫内有两个 8 存在, 因此这个数独是无效的。

二、解法
 

• 先创建三个空数组 row、col、cell，以 cell 为例，里面的每个空字典都代表一个 3×3单元格，然后我们需要把数据一个个填进去
•  
• 遍历整个二维数组，然后边遍历边把数组分别存入到 行 row , 列 col , 3×3单元格 cell 内的字典，存为key ，而不是 value 。
•  
• 然后我们就可以判断,行、列、3×3单元格 对应的字典内是否已经存在board[x][y]这个键名，如果存在，那么说明重复了，返回 False
•  
• 注意，字典中的值这里都为1，但是没有任何意义，你可以随意更改
•  
• 把数组存入 3×3的单元格是一个难点，num = 3*(x//3)+y//3，这个式子是关键，可以找个数独，然后代入进去好好理解下
•  
• 当然你也可以不用这个式子，用if/else语句来判断也行，那样比较好理解，但是不如这个式子简洁
•  
• 类似于: if y<3 : ... elif 3<=y<6 : ... elif 6<=y : ...,

代码如下：
 

row, col, cell =
[{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}],
[{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}],
[{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}]
for x in range(9):
  for y in range(9):
    #取得单元格
    num = 3*(x//3)+y//3
    temp = board[x][y]
    #不需要存入 '.'
    if temp != '.':
      if (temp not in row[x]
      and temp not in col[y]
      and temp not in cell[num]):
        row[x][temp] = '1'
        col[y][temp] = '1'
        cell[num][temp] = '1'
      else:
        return False
return True