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s49 磁盘存储文件系统管理介绍

相关技巧 来源：互联网作者：佚名发布时间：2022-11-22 21:25:12 人浏览

摘要

第一部分 1、创建一个2G的文件系统块大小为2048byte，预留1%可用空间，文件系统ext4，卷标为TEST，要求此分区开机后自动挂载至/test目录，且默认有acl挂载选项 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1

第一部分

1、创建一个2G的文件系统

块大小为2048byte，预留1%可用空间，文件系统ext4，卷标为TEST，要求此分区开机后自动挂载至/test目录，且默认有acl挂载选项

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#新添加一块10G磁盘

[root@centos8 ~]# scandisk

[root@centos8 ~]# alias scandisk

alias scandisk='echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan;echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan;echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan'

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part

sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk

├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part /mnt/sdb1

├─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part

├─sdb3 8:19 0 1K 0 part

└─sdb5 8:21 0 3G 0 part

sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk

├─sdc1 8:33 0 1G 0 part

└─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part

sdd 8:48 0 10G 0 disk #这个是新添加的磁盘

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

nvme0n1 259:0 0 5G 0 disk

[root@centos8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdd

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.

Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x0712eaa0.

Command (m for help): n

Partition type

p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)

e extended (container for logical partitions)

Select (default p): p

Partition number (1-4, default 1):

First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +2G

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdd: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disklabel type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x0712eaa0

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sdd1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered.

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part

sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk

├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part /mnt/sdb1

├─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part

├─sdb3 8:19 0 1K 0 part

└─sdb5 8:21 0 3G 0 part

sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk

├─sdc1 8:33 0 1G 0 part

└─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part

sdd 8:48 0 10G 0 disk

└─sdd1 8:49 0 2G 0 part #新建的分区

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

nvme0n1 259:0 0 5G 0 disk

[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 -b 2048 -m 1 -L TEST /dev/sdd1 #-b 2048 块大小为2048byte -m 1 预留1% -L TEST 卷标名为TEST

mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Creating filesystem with 1048576 2k blocks and 131072 inodes

Filesystem UUID: 0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (16384 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@centos8 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdd1

tune2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Filesystem volume name: TEST #卷标名为TEST。

Last mounted on: <not available>

Filesystem UUID: 0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386

Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53

Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)

Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum

Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash

Default mount options: user_xattr acl #centos8 ext4文件系统，默认就有acl功能，不需要单独设置

Filesystem state: clean

Errors behavior: Continue

Filesystem OS type: Linux

Inode count: 131072

Block count: 1048576

Reserved block count: 10485 #预留块大小

Free blocks: 1011035

Free inodes: 131061

First block: 0

Block size: 2048 #块大小为2048。

Fragment size: 2048

Group descriptor size: 64

Reserved GDT blocks: 512

Blocks per group: 16384

Fragments per group: 16384

Inodes per group: 2048

Inode blocks per group: 256

Flex block group size: 16

Filesystem created: Thu Dec 3 22:58:44 2020

Last mount time: n/a

Last write time: Thu Dec 3 22:58:44 2020

Mount count: 0

Maximum mount count: -1

Last checked: Thu Dec 3 22:58:44 2020

Check interval: 0 (<none>)

Lifetime writes: 1058 kB

Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) #预留给谁使用，root。

Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)

First inode: 11

Inode size: 256

Required extra isize: 32

Desired extra isize: 32

Journal inode: 8

Default directory hash: half_md4

Directory Hash Seed: c99589a0-f6eb-4dd6-a178-b4113c273353

Journal backup: inode blocks

Checksum type: crc32c

Checksum: 0xc13d6cca

[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /test #创建挂载目录

[root@centos8 ~]# blkid /dev/sdd1 #查看UUID和文件系统类型

/dev/sdd1: LABEL="TEST" UUID="0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="0712eaa0-01"

[root@centos8 ~]# vim /etc/fstab

#添加下面行

UUID=0f8a2804-a927-4cde-9d3c-8066d7148386 /test ext4 defaults 0 0

:wq

[root@centos8 ~]# mount -a #自动挂载

[root@centos8 ~]# mount

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=905164k,nr_inodes=226291,mode=755)

securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)

devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)

tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,mode=755)

tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)

pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)

bpf on /sys/fs/bpf type bpf (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,mode=700)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_cls,net_prio)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpu,cpuacct)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,rdma)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)

cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)

configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)

/dev/sda2 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)

systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=34,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=23440)

hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,pagesize=2M)

debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)

mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime)

/dev/sda3 on /data type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)

/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw,relatime)

tmpfs on /run/user/0 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=184384k,mode=700)

/dev/sdb1 on /mnt/sdb1 type ext4 (rw,noatime,nodiratime)

/dev/sdd1 on /test type ext4 (rw,relatime) #已经挂载

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part

sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk

├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part /mnt/sdb1

├─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part

├─sdb3 8:19 0 1K 0 part

└─sdb5 8:21 0 3G 0 part

sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk

├─sdc1 8:33 0 1G 0 part

└─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part

sdd 8:48 0 10G 0 disk

└─sdd1 8:49 0 2G 0 part /test #已经挂载

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

nvme0n1 259:0 0 5G 0 disk

[root@centos8 ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs 905164 0 905164 0% /dev

tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 921932 8940 912992 1% /run

tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda2 104806400 2152664 102653736 3% /

/dev/sda3 52403200 398448 52004752 1% /data

/dev/sda1 999320 137644 792864 15% /boot

tmpfs 184384 0 184384 0% /run/user/0

/dev/sdb1 1031836 2821 972491 1% /mnt/sdb1

/dev/sdd1 2031306 9236 1992908 1% /test

#已经挂载

2、写一个脚本，完成如下功能

（1）列出当前系统识别到的所有磁盘设备

（2）如磁盘数量为1，则显示其空间使用信息

否则，则显示最后一个磁盘上的空间使用信息

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[root@centos8 ~]# vim disk_used.sh

#!/bin/bash

#**********************************************************************************************

#Author: Raymond

#QQ: 88563128

#Date: 2020-12-04

#FileName: disk_used.sh

#URL: raymond.blog.csdn.net

#Description: The test script

#*********************************************************************************************

disk=`lsblk | sed -nr 's/(^sd[[:lower:]]).*/\1/p'`

disk_num=`lsblk | sed -nr 's/(^sd[[:lower:]]).*/\1/p'| wc -l`

disk_end=`lsblk | sed -nr 's/(^sd[[:lower:]]).*/\1/p' | sed -n '$p'`

if [ $disk_num -eq 1 ];then

df | grep "/dev/$disk"

else

df | grep "/dev/$disk_end"

:wq

[root@centos8 ~]# bash disk_used.sh

/dev/sda2 104806400 4868684 99937716 5% /

/dev/sda3 52403200 398400 52004800 1% /data

/dev/sda1 999320 192580 737928 21% /boot

#添加两块硬盘

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 5G 0 disk

sdc 8:32 0 5G 0 disk

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

[root@centos8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.

Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x2e83806e.

Command (m for help): n

Partition type

p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)

e extended (container for logical partitions)

Select (default p): p

Partition number (1-4, default 1):

First sector (2048-10485759, default 2048):

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-10485759, default 10485759): +2G

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors

Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disklabel type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x2e83806e

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux

Command (m for help): n

Partition type

p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)

e extended (container for logical partitions)

Select (default p): p

Partition number (2-4, default 2):

First sector (4196352-10485759, default 4196352):

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4196352-10485759, default 10485759):

Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 3 GiB.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors

Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disklabel type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x2e83806e

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux

/dev/sdb2 4196352 10485759 6289408 3G 83 Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered.

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 5G 0 disk

├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part

└─sdb2 8:18 0 3G 0 part

sdc 8:32 0 5G 0 disk

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1

mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Creating filesystem with 524288 4k blocks and 131072 inodes

Filesystem UUID: c520fbef-2726-4ab2-b54f-b654bd6c6a1f

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (16384 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2

mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Creating filesystem with 786176 4k blocks and 196608 inodes

Filesystem UUID: b5efe116-aec1-41e7-80a2-3791b3ee5669

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (16384 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mnt/sdb{1,2}

[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1

[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/sdb2

[root@centos8 ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs 893740 0 893740 0% /dev

tmpfs 921916 0 921916 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 921916 9528 912388 2% /run

tmpfs 921916 0 921916 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda2 104806400 4868932 99937468 5% /

/dev/sda3 52403200 398400 52004800 1% /data

/dev/sda1 999320 192580 737928 21% /boot

tmpfs 184380 1168 183212 1% /run/user/42

tmpfs 184380 4 184376 1% /run/user/0

/dev/sdb1 1998672 6144 1871288 1% /mnt/sdb1

/dev/sdb2 3029776 9216 2846944 1% /mnt/sdb2

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 5G 0 disk

├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part /mnt/sdb1

└─sdb2 8:18 0 3G 0 part /mnt/sdb2

sdc 8:32 0 5G 0 disk

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

[root@centos8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.

Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x2885d32c.

Command (m for help): n

Partition type

p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)

e extended (container for logical partitions)

Select (default p): p

Partition number (1-4, default 1):

First sector (2048-10485759, default 2048):

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-10485759, default 10485759): +3G

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 3 GiB.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdc: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors

Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disklabel type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x2885d32c

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sdc1 2048 6293503 6291456 3G 83 Linux

Command (m for help): n

Partition type

p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)

e extended (container for logical partitions)

Select (default p): p

Partition number (2-4, default 2):

First sector (6293504-10485759, default 6293504):

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (6293504-10485759, default 10485759):

Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdc: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors

Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disklabel type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x2885d32c

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sdc1 2048 6293503 6291456 3G 83 Linux

/dev/sdc2 6293504 10485759 4192256 2G 83 Linux

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered.

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 5G 0 disk

├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part /mnt/sdb1

└─sdb2 8:18 0 3G 0 part /mnt/sdb2

sdc 8:32 0 5G 0 disk

├─sdc1 8:33 0 3G 0 part

└─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc1

mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Creating filesystem with 786432 4k blocks and 196608 inodes

Filesystem UUID: e4eac13f-f7aa-4cb1-9c72-d492f16231b9

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (16384 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc2

mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Creating filesystem with 524032 4k blocks and 131072 inodes

Filesystem UUID: 91996752-51a6-42c3-9398-fdc9c58aa39f

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (8192 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mnt/sdc{1,2}

[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/sdc1

[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdc2 /mnt/sdc2

[root@centos8 ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs 893740 0 893740 0% /dev

tmpfs 921916 0 921916 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 921916 9536 912380 2% /run

tmpfs 921916 0 921916 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda2 104806400 4868932 99937468 5% /

/dev/sda3 52403200 398400 52004800 1% /data

/dev/sda1 999320 192580 737928 21% /boot

tmpfs 184380 1168 183212 1% /run/user/42

tmpfs 184380 4 184376 1% /run/user/0

/dev/sdb1 1998672 6144 1871288 1% /mnt/sdb1

/dev/sdb2 3029776 9216 2846944 1% /mnt/sdb2

/dev/sdc1 3030800 9216 2847916 1% /mnt/sdc1

/dev/sdc2 2030416 6144 1903084 1% /mnt/sdc2

[root@centos8 ~]# bash disk_used.sh

/dev/sdc1 3030800 9216 2847916 1% /mnt/sdc1

/dev/sdc2 2030416 6144 1903084 1% /mnt/sdc2

3、配置为yum源

将CentOS6的CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso和CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso两个文件，合并成一个CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso文件，并将其配置为yum源

方法1：

先添加一个光驱，把CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso加载到/dev/sr0和把CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso加载到/dev/sr1

[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /mnt/iso #创建复制DVD1和DVD2的目录

[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /mnt/dvd1 #创建挂载DVD1的目录

[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /mnt/dvd2 #创建挂载DVD2的目录

[root@centos6 ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/dvd1 #挂载DVD1

mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only

[root@centos6 ~]# mount /dev/sr1 /mnt/dvd2 #挂载DVD2

mount: block device /dev/sr1 is write-protected, mounting read-only

[root@centos6 ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda2 100902304 853756 94916260 1% /

tmpfs 501508 0 501508 0% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 999320 30712 916180 4% /boot

/dev/sda3 51475068 53064 48800564 1% /data

/dev/sr0 3897932 3897932 0 100% /mnt/dvd1

/dev/sr1 2136278 2136278 0 100% /mnt/dvd2

[root@centos6 ~]# ls /mnt/dvd1

CentOS_BuildTag images repodata RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6

EFI isolinux RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 TRANS.TBL

EULA Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6

GPL RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6

[root@centos6 ~]# ls /mnt/dvd2

CentOS_BuildTag Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6

EULA RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6 TRANS.TBL

[root@centos6 ~]# cp -av /mnt/dvd1/* /mnt/iso #把DVD1复制到/mnt/iso目录

[root@centos6 ~]# cp -v /mnt/dvd2/Packages/*.rpm /mnt/iso/Packages/ #复制DVD2到/mnt/iso

#合并TRANS.TBL

#将DVD2中TRANS.TBL的信息追加到DVD1中TRANS.TBL后面, 并排序保存

[root@centos6 ~]# cat /mnt/dvd2/Packages/TRANS.TBL >> /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL

[root@centos6 ~]# mv /mnt/iso/Packages/{TRANS.TBL,TRANS.TBL.BAK}

[root@centos6 ~]# sort /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL.BAK > /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL

[root@centos6 ~]# rm -rf /mnt/iso/Packages/TRANS.TBL.BAK

#/mnt/iso已经是合并后的文件了

[root@centos6 ~]# du -sh /mnt/iso

5.9G /mnt/iso

[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /data/iso #创建iso文件目录

[root@centos6 ~]# yum -y install mkisofs #安装创建ISO文件工具

[root@centos6 ~]# mkisofs -l -J -L -r -V "CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything" -o /data/iso/CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso /mnt/iso #创建ISO文件

[root@centos6 ~]# ll -h /data/iso

total 5.8G

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5.8G Dec 4 01:38 CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso

sz 不支持超过4G的文件传输

用Xftp 把文件传到windows里

#关机移除新添加的光驱，把/dev/sr0挂载成CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso

[root@centos6 ~]# yum -y install autofs #安装自动挂载光盘工具

[root@centos6 ~]# service autofs start;chkconfig autofs on #启动autofs服务，并开机启动

Loading autofs4: [ OK ]

Starting automount: [ OK ]

[root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc

[root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc/cd

CentOS_BuildTag images RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6

EFI isolinux repodata RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6

EULA lost+found RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 TRANS.TBL

GPL Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6

[root@centos6 ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/test.repo #设置光盘镜像本地源

[base]

name=base

baseurl=file:///misc/cd

checkgpg=0

:wq

[root@centos6 ~]# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

base | 4.0 kB 00:00 ...

repo id repo name status

base base 6,713

repolist: 6,713

方法二：

#先设置光驱加载CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso

[root@centos6 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sr0 11:0 1 3.7G 0 rom

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 97.7G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 48.8G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]

[root@centos6 ~]# dd if=/dev/sr0 bs=1M of=CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso

3807+0 records in

3807+0 records out

3991928832 bytes (4.0 GB) copied, 271.833 s, 14.7 MB/s

[root@centos6 ~]# ll CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso -h

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3.8G Dec 4 18:50 CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso

#把光驱断开连接，设置光驱加载CentOS-6.10-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso，再连接光驱

[root@centos6 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sr0 11:0 1 2G 0 rom

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 97.7G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 48.8G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]

[root@centos6 ~]# dd if=/dev/sr0 ibs=1k skip=32 of=CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso obs=1M seek=3788

#skip=32参考的ISO9660文件头，seek=3788，跳过上个镜像的大小。

2136246+0 records in

2086+1 records out

2187515904 bytes (2.2 GB) copied, 154.047 s, 14.2 MB/s

[root@centos6 ~]# ll -h CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5.8G Dec 4 18:56 CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso

sz 不支持超过4G的文件传输用Xftp 把文件传到windows里

#把光驱断开连接，设置CentOS-6.10-x86_64-Everything.iso,再连接光驱

[root@centos6 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sr0 11:0 1 5.8G 0 rom

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 97.7G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 48.8G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]

[root@centos6 ~]# yum -y install autofs #安装自动挂载光盘工具

[root@centos6 ~]# service autofs start;chkconfig autofs on #启动autofs服务，并开机启动

Loading autofs4: [ OK ]

Starting automount: [ OK ]

[root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc

[root@centos6 ~]# ls /misc/cd

CentOS_BuildTag images RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6

EFI isolinux repodata RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6

EULA lost+found RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 TRANS.TBL

GPL Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6

[root@centos6 ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/test.repo #设置光盘镜像本地源

[base]

name=base

baseurl=file:///misc/cd

checkgpg=0

:wq

[root@centos6 ~]# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

base | 4.0 kB 00:00 ...

repo id repo name status

base base 6,713

repolist: 6,713

第二部分 RAID

1、创建一个可用空间为1G的RAID设备

文件系统为ext4，有一个空闲盘,开机可自动挂载至/backup目录

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[root@centos8 ~]# scandisk

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk

sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk

sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

#添加三块新硬盘/dev/sdb、/dev/sdc和/dev/sdd

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf -y install mdadm

[root@centos8 ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/sd{b,c,d}

mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and

may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to

store '/boot' on this device please ensure that

your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use

--metadata=0.90

Continue creating array? (y/n) y

mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata

mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk

└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1

sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk

└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1

sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk

└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0

mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Creating filesystem with 261632 4k blocks and 65408 inodes

Filesystem UUID: 5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499a

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@centos8 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/md0

tune2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Filesystem volume name: <none>

Last mounted on: <not available>

Filesystem UUID: 5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499a

Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53

Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)

Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum

Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash

Default mount options: user_xattr acl

Filesystem state: clean

Errors behavior: Continue

Filesystem OS type: Linux

Inode count: 65408

Block count: 261632

Reserved block count: 13081

Free blocks: 252781

Free inodes: 65397

First block: 0

Block size: 4096

Fragment size: 4096

Group descriptor size: 64

Reserved GDT blocks: 127

Blocks per group: 32768

Fragments per group: 32768

Inodes per group: 8176

Inode blocks per group: 511

Flex block group size: 16

Filesystem created: Fri Dec 4 16:56:44 2020

Last mount time: n/a

Last write time: Fri Dec 4 16:56:44 2020

Mount count: 0

Maximum mount count: -1

Last checked: Fri Dec 4 16:56:44 2020

Check interval: 0 (<none>)

Lifetime writes: 533 kB

Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)

Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)

First inode: 11

Inode size: 256

Required extra isize: 32

Desired extra isize: 32

Journal inode: 8

Default directory hash: half_md4

Directory Hash Seed: d8599d77-afd5-4e2f-80c6-f206e7dc2bab

Journal backup: inode blocks

Checksum type: crc32c

Checksum: 0x066b1a44

[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /backup

[root@centos8 ~]# blkid /dev/md0

/dev/md0: UUID="5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499a" TYPE="ext4"

[root@centos8 ~]# vim /etc/fstab

#添加下面内容

UUID=5540936f-bfe4-46ff-8fbb-88e071f5499a /backup ext4 defaults 0 0

:wq

[root@centos8 ~]# mount -a

[root@centos8 ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs 884M 0 884M 0% /dev

tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 901M 8.7M 892M 1% /run

tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda2 100G 2.1G 98G 3% /

/dev/sda3 50G 390M 50G 1% /data

/dev/sda1 976M 135M 775M 15% /boot

tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0

/dev/md0 990M 2.6M 921M 1% /backup

[root@centos8 ~]# reboot

[root@centos8 ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs 884M 0 884M 0% /dev

tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 901M 8.7M 892M 1% /run

tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda2 100G 2.1G 98G 3% /

/dev/sda3 50G 390M 50G 1% /data

/dev/sda1 976M 135M 775M 15% /boot

/dev/md0 990M 2.6M 921M 1% /backup

tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk

└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1 /backup

sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk

└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1 /backup

sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk

└─md0 9:0 0 1022M 0 raid1 /backup

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

2、创建由三块硬盘组成的可用空间为2G的RAID5设备

要求其chunk大小为256k，文件系统为ext4，开机可自动挂载至/mydata目录

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[root@centos8 ~]# scandisk

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk

sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk

sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

#添加三块新硬盘/dev/sdb、/dev/sdc和/dev/sdd

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf -y install mdadm

[root@centos8 ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -a yes -l 5 -n 3 -c 256 /dev/sd{b,c,d}

mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata

mdadm: array /dev/md1 started.

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk

└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5

sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk

└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5

sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk

└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md1

mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Creating filesystem with 523264 4k blocks and 130816 inodes

Filesystem UUID: d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (8192 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@centos8 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/md1

tune2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Filesystem volume name: <none>

Last mounted on: <not available>

Filesystem UUID: d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233

Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53

Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)

Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum

Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash

Default mount options: user_xattr acl

Filesystem state: clean

Errors behavior: Continue

Filesystem OS type: Linux

Inode count: 130816

Block count: 523264

Reserved block count: 26163

Free blocks: 505316

Free inodes: 130805

First block: 0

Block size: 4096

Fragment size: 4096

Group descriptor size: 64

Reserved GDT blocks: 255

Blocks per group: 32768

Fragments per group: 32768

Inodes per group: 8176

Inode blocks per group: 511

RAID stride: 64

RAID stripe width: 128

Flex block group size: 16

Filesystem created: Fri Dec 4 17:24:39 2020

Last mount time: n/a

Last write time: Fri Dec 4 17:24:40 2020

Mount count: 0

Maximum mount count: -1

Last checked: Fri Dec 4 17:24:39 2020

Check interval: 0 (<none>)

Lifetime writes: 1045 kB

Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)

Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)

First inode: 11

Inode size: 256

Required extra isize: 32

Desired extra isize: 32

Journal inode: 8

Default directory hash: half_md4

Directory Hash Seed: f959b864-fcb7-4eb0-8088-f04be25671fd

Journal backup: inode blocks

Checksum type: crc32c

Checksum: 0x7e59f1b1

[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mydata

[root@centos8 ~]# blkid /dev/md1

/dev/md1: UUID="d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233" TYPE="ext4"

[root@centos8 ~]# vim /etc/fstab

#添加下面内容

UUID=d4447cca-1a84-44c3-b3f6-9a7956091233 /mydata ext4 defaults 0 0

:wq

[root@centos8 ~]# mount -a

[root@centos8 ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs 905164 0 905164 0% /dev

tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 921932 8900 913032 1% /run

tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda2 104806400 2149500 102656900 3% /

/dev/sda3 52403200 398400 52004800 1% /data

/dev/sda1 999320 137584 792924 15% /boot

tmpfs 184384 0 184384 0% /run/user/0

/dev/md1 2027408 6144 1900228 1% /mydata

[root@centos8 ~]# reboot

[root@centos8 ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs 905164 0 905164 0% /dev

tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 921932 8908 913024 1% /run

tmpfs 921932 0 921932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda2 104806400 2148524 102657876 3% /

/dev/sda3 52403200 398400 52004800 1% /data

/dev/sda1 999320 137580 792928 15% /boot

/dev/md1 2027408 6144 1900228 1% /mydata

tmpfs 184384 0 184384 0% /run/user/0

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk

└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5 /mydata

sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk

└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5 /mydata

sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk

└─md1 9:1 0 2G 0 raid5 /mydata

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

第三部分 LVM

1、创建一个至少有两个PV组成的大小为20G的名为testvg的VG；

需求PE大小为16MB，而后在卷组中的创建大小为5G的逻辑卷testlv；挂载至/users目录

100

101

[root@centos8 ~]# scandisk

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 15G 0 disk

sdc 8:32 0 5G 0 disk

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

#添加两块硬盘sdb、sdc

[root@centos8 ~]# pvs /dev/sd{b,c}

-bash: pvs: command not found

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf -y install lvm2

[root@centos8 ~]# pvs

[root@centos8 ~]# vgs

[root@centos8 ~]# lvs

[root@centos8 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd{b,c} #把两块硬盘加到物理卷

Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created.

Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created.

[root@centos8 ~]# pvs

PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree

/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 15.00g 15.00g

/dev/sdc lvm2 --- 5.00g 5.00g

[root@centos8 ~]# vgcreate -s 16M testvg /dev/sd{b,c} #把 /dev/sdb和/dev/sdc加入到卷组，块大小为16M

Volume group "testvg" successfully created

[root@centos8 ~]# vgs

VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree

testvg 2 0 0 wz--n- <19.97g <19.97g

[root@centos8 ~]# pvs

PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree

/dev/sdb testvg lvm2 a-- 14.98g 14.98g

/dev/sdc testvg lvm2 a-- 4.98g 4.98g

[root@centos8 ~]# vgdisplay

--- Volume group ---

VG Name testvg

System ID

Format lvm2

Metadata Areas 2

Metadata Sequence No 1

VG Access read/write

VG Status resizable

MAX LV 0

Cur LV 0

Open LV 0

Max PV 0

Cur PV 2

Act PV 2

VG Size <19.97 GiB #卷组大小20G

PE Size 16.00 MiB #块大小为16M

Total PE 1278

Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0

Free PE / Size 1278 / <19.97 GiB

VG UUID ICjCEw-pbWT-0jUt-f4hV-lDOJ-YSSq-o3tq5U

[root@centos8 ~]# lvcreate -L 5G -n testlv testvg #创建逻辑卷testlv，大小5G

Logical volume "testlv" created.

[root@centos8 ~]# lvs

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

testlv testvg -wi-a----- 5.00g

[root@centos8 ~]# lvdisplay

--- Logical volume ---

LV Path /dev/testvg/testlv

LV Name testlv

VG Name testvg

LV UUID aPZyRk-7n9N-P7ol-ZwJv-2LHI-aOm2-8tED5j

LV Write Access read/write

LV Creation host, time centos8.neteagles.cn, 2020-12-06 19:54:00 +0800

LV Status available

# open 0

LV Size 5.00 GiB

Current LE 320

Segments 1

Allocation inherit

Read ahead sectors auto

- currently set to 8192

Block device 253:0

[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/testvg/testlv #创建逻辑卷文件系统

mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Creating filesystem with 1310720 4k blocks and 327680 inodes

Filesystem UUID: 81a7eb1b-72ae-4d5c-9d0f-44a3daa14610

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (16384 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /users

[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/ #挂载逻辑卷

[root@centos8 ~]# df -Th

Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs devtmpfs 884M 0 884M 0% /dev

tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs tmpfs 901M 8.7M 892M 1% /run

tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda2 xfs 100G 2.1G 98G 3% /

/dev/sda3 xfs 50G 390M 50G 1% /data

/dev/sda1 ext4 976M 135M 775M 15% /boot

tmpfs tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0

/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4 4.9G 20M 4.6G 1% /users #已被挂载

2、新建用户archlinux

需求其家目录为/users/archlinux，而后su切换至archlinux用户，复制/etc/pam.d目录至自己的家目录

[root@centos8 ~]# useradd -d /users/archlinux archlinux

[root@centos8 ~]# getent passwd archlinux

archlinux:x:1001:1001::/users/archlinux:/bin/bash

[root@centos8 ~]# su archlinux

[archlinux@centos8 root]$ cp -r /etc/pam.d ~

[archlinux@centos8 root]$ ll -a /users/archlinux/

total 28

drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:57 .

drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 6 19:56 ..

-rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 93 Dec 6 19:57 .bash_history

-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Nov 9 2019 .bash_logout

-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 141 Nov 9 2019 .bash_profile

-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 312 Nov 9 2019 .bashrc

drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:56 pam.d

3、扩展testlv至7G

需求archlinux用户的文件不能丢失

[archlinux@centos8 root]$ exit

exit

[root@centos8 ~]# vgs

VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree

testvg 2 1 0 wz--n- <19.97g <14.97g #卷组可用空间为15G

[root@centos8 ~]# lvextend -r -L +2G /dev/testvg/testlv

Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 5.00 GiB (320 extents) to 7.00 GiB (448 extents).

Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized.

resize2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Filesystem at /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required

old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1

The filesystem on /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv is now 1835008 (4k) blocks long.

[root@centos8 ~]# lvs

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

testlv testvg -wi-ao---- 7.00g

[root@centos8 ~]# df -Th

Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs devtmpfs 884M 0 884M 0% /dev

tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs tmpfs 901M 8.7M 892M 1% /run

tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda2 xfs 100G 2.1G 98G 3% /

/dev/sda3 xfs 50G 390M 50G 1% /data

/dev/sda1 ext4 976M 135M 775M 15% /boot

tmpfs tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0

/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4 6.9G 23M 6.5G 1% /users

[root@centos8 ~]# ll -a /users/archlinux/

total 28

drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:57 .

drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 6 19:56 ..

-rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 93 Dec 6 19:57 .bash_history

-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Nov 9 2019 .bash_logout

-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 141 Nov 9 2019 .bash_profile

-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 312 Nov 9 2019 .bashrc

drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:56 pam.d #数据还在

4、收缩testlv至3G

要求archlinux用户的文件不能丢失

[root@centos8 ~]# umount /dev/testvg/testlv #取消挂载

[root@centos8 ~]# fsck -f /dev/testvg/testlv #检查文件系统

fsck from util-linux 2.32.1

e2fsck 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes

Pass 2: Checking directory structure

Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity

Pass 4: Checking reference counts

Pass 5: Checking group summary information

/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv: 40/458752 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 50972/1835008 blocks

[root@centos8 ~]# resize2fs /dev/testvg/testlv 3G #缩减文件系统

resize2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)

Resizing the filesystem on /dev/testvg/testlv to 786432 (4k) blocks.

The filesystem on /dev/testvg/testlv is now 786432 (4k) blocks long.

[root@centos8 ~]# lvreduce -L 3G /dev/testvg/testlv #缩减逻辑卷

WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 3.00 GiB.

THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)

Do you really want to reduce testvg/testlv? [y/n]: y

Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 7.00 GiB (448 extents) to 3.00 GiB (192 extents).

Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized.

[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/ #挂载逻辑卷

[root@centos8 ~]# df -Th

Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

devtmpfs devtmpfs 884M 0 884M 0% /dev

tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs tmpfs 901M 8.7M 892M 1% /run

tmpfs tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/sda2 xfs 100G 2.1G 98G 3% /

/dev/sda3 xfs 50G 390M 50G 1% /data

/dev/sda1 ext4 976M 135M 775M 15% /boot

tmpfs tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0

/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4 2.9G 16M 2.8G 1% /users #现在已经缩减至3G

[root@centos8 ~]# ll -a /users/archlinux/

total 28

drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:57 .

drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 6 19:56 ..

-rw------- 1 archlinux archlinux 93 Dec 6 19:57 .bash_history

-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 18 Nov 9 2019 .bash_logout

-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 141 Nov 9 2019 .bash_profile

-rw-r--r-- 1 archlinux archlinux 312 Nov 9 2019 .bashrc

drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:56 pam.d

#数据还在

5、对testlv创建快照

并尝试基于快照备份数据，验证快照的功能

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

[root@centos8 ~]# lvs

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

testlv testvg -wi-ao---- 3.00g #逻辑卷还有未使用空间

[root@centos8 ~]# lvcreate -s -L 1G -n testlv-snapshot -p r /dev/testvg/testlv

Logical volume "testlv-snapshot" created.

[root@centos8 ~]# lvs

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

testlv testvg owi-aos--- 3.00g

testlv-snapshot testvg sri-a-s--- 1.00g testlv 0.01

[root@centos8 ~]# lvdisplay

--- Logical volume ---

LV Path /dev/testvg/testlv

LV Name testlv

VG Name testvg

LV UUID aPZyRk-7n9N-P7ol-ZwJv-2LHI-aOm2-8tED5j

LV Write Access read/write

LV Creation host, time centos8.neteagles.cn, 2020-12-06 19:54:00 +0800

LV snapshot status source of

testlv-snapshot [active]

LV Status available

# open 1

LV Size 3.00 GiB

Current LE 192

Segments 1

Allocation inherit

Read ahead sectors auto

- currently set to 8192

Block device 253:0

--- Logical volume ---

LV Path /dev/testvg/testlv-snapshot

LV Name testlv-snapshot

VG Name testvg

LV UUID PvdE7T-kJCO-ogxX-bjZ3-jRbT-SwVn-z9KqJ9

LV Write Access read only

LV Creation host, time centos8.neteagles.cn, 2020-12-06 20:12:33 +0800

LV snapshot status active destination for testlv

LV Status available

# open 0

LV Size 3.00 GiB

Current LE 192

COW-table size 1.00 GiB

COW-table LE 64

Allocated to snapshot 0.01%

Snapshot chunk size 4.00 KiB

Segments 1

Allocation inherit

Read ahead sectors auto

- currently set to 8192

Block device 253:3

[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /mnt/testlv-snapshot

[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv-snapshot /mnt/testlv-snapshot/

mount: /mnt/testlv-snapshot: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.

[root@centos8 ~]# ls /mnt/testlv-snapshot/

archlinux lost+found

[root@centos8 ~]# ls /users/

archlinux lost+found

[root@centos8 ~]# ls /users/archlinux/

pam.d

[root@centos8 ~]# rm -rf /users/archlinux/pam.d/ #删除逻辑卷中的牡蛎

[root@centos8 ~]# ls /users/archlinux/ #逻辑卷中已经没有了

[root@centos8 ~]# ls /mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/

pam.d

#快照中还在

[root@centos8 ~]# rm -rf /mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/runuser': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/polkit-1': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/systemd-user': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/passwd': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/password-auth': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/vmtoolsd': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/system-auth': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/vlock': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/runuser-l': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sssd-shadowutils': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/su': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/postlogin': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/remote': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sudo-i': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/fingerprint-auth': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sshd': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/config-util': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/su-l': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/smartcard-auth': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/sudo': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/other': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/login': Read-only file system

rm: cannot remove '/mnt/testlv-snapshot/archlinux/pam.d/crond': Read-only file system

#快照中的文件不能删除

[root@centos8 ~]# umount /dev/testvg/testlv #取消挂载逻辑卷

[root@centos8 ~]# umount /mnt/testlv-snapshot/ #取消挂载快照

[root@centos8 ~]# lvs

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

testlv testvg owi-a-s--- 3.00g

testlv-snapshot testvg sri-a-s--- 1.00g testlv 0.01

[root@centos8 ~]# lvconvert --merge /dev/testvg/testlv-snapshot #合并快照

Merging of volume testvg/testlv-snapshot started.

testvg/testlv: Merged: 100.00%

[root@centos8 ~]# lvs

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

testlv testvg -wi-a----- 3.00g #快照只是一次性的，还原过后就没有了

[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/

#挂载逻辑卷

[root@centos8 ~]# ll /users/

total 20

drwx------ 3 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:57 archlinux

drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Dec 6 19:54 lost+found

[root@centos8 ~]# ll /users/archlinux/

total 4

drwxr-xr-x 2 archlinux archlinux 4096 Dec 6 19:56 pam.d

#还原成做快照时的文件了

6、删除逻辑卷、卷组、物理卷

[root@centos8 ~]# lvs

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

testlv testvg -wi-ao---- 3.00g

[root@centos8 ~]# umount /dev/testvg/testlv #取消逻辑卷挂载

[root@centos8 ~]# lvremove /dev/testvg/testlv #删除逻辑卷

Do you really want to remove active logical volume testvg/testlv? [y/n]: y

Logical volume "testlv" successfully removed

[root@centos8 ~]# lvs

[root@centos8 ~]# vgs

VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree

testvg 2 0 0 wz--n- <19.97g <19.97g

[root@centos8 ~]# vgremove testvg #删除卷组

Volume group "testvg" successfully removed

[root@centos8 ~]# vgs

[root@centos8 ~]# pvs

PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree

/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 15.00g 15.00g

/dev/sdc lvm2 --- 5.00g 5.00g

[root@centos8 ~]# pvremove /dev/sd{b,c} #删除逻辑卷

Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully wiped.

Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully wiped.

[root@centos8 ~]# pvs

[root@centos8 ~]# lvblk

-bash: lvblk: command not found

[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot

├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /

├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data

├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part

└─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP]

sdb 8:16 0 15G 0 disk

sdc 8:32 0 5G 0 disk

sr0 11:0 1 7.7G 0 rom

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